This is a link to my powerpoint; enjoy the narration.
EDUC
8846 Course Project Outline
Michelle
MartensDragalin
Student
ID: A00113550
Michelle.martens-dragalin@waldenu.edu
The
Evolution of the Overhead Projector
The
Evolution of the Overhead Projector
This
paper will explore the following technology from the supply cabinet, an
overhead projector. This particular form of technology is not obsolete, but
document cameras and Epsom projectors are replacing it. Throughout this paper,
these statements will be explored, discussed, and visually represented in a PowerPoint
presentation that is attached in the appendixes, as well as, interviews and
transcripts, which is a part of PowerPoint presentation. The answers are
represented by visual material, the individuals did not want to film for the
project.
learnerdictionary.com
To
A
Brief History
In the last five
years, the schools have been replacing their technology with the newest type of
technology that they can afford. Many
schools have received technology grants in order to purchase new computer,
laptops, and overhead projectors. The devices are more efficient to use and
take up less storage room. The overhead projector is a device that has been
evolving throughout the years. The first
document invention of the overhead projector technology was in the 1420. Several people credited for developing this
technology are:
(Marples, 9/11/2008)
As
the business and corporate world grew during the Industrial Revolution, people
needed a way to promote their items and train their people in an efficient manner.
The period between World War 2 and the advent of personal computers in 1982 is
regarded as the audiovisual instruction period. Immediately after world war
two, educational technology practice revolved around the media formats that had
widely become available to teachers by 1946; i.e. 16 mm films, 35 mm
slide/filmstrip projector, radio receivers, and record players. These formats
were owned by schools at a rate of one per 100 teachers. Television receivers
reached this status by 1958 and overhead projectors in 1960 (Finn et al., 1962)
(Spector, Merrill, Van Merrienboer & Driscoll, 2008 p. 9). An overhead
projector used to be considered a necessary piece of technology for every
classroom. This is called “old technologies (p. 12) “along with textbooks, blackboard,
overhead projectors, television and videocassettes, (p. 12). A teacher would
use these items, and it would be demonstrate an innovative in its use of
technology. Now with the inclusion of document camera and Epson cameras are
replacing the use of overhead projector. The use of this technology promotes
what is referred to as teacher center instruction. From 1980s through 1990s the
pendulum was swinging from analog media to digital media as the primary source
of instructional materials in schools, colleges and corporate training centers;
however traditional formats such as textbooks, the overhead projector, and
videocassettes have contained to be used heavily by teachers at all levels
right up to present. (Cuban, 2001)
More and more schools are teaching student the necessary
skills in order to prepare them for the 21st century. The idea presented by our
district technology department (DPS website, 2009), is that students will pay
more attention to their teachers if the students use “cool” technology in the
classroom. The technology will also provide teachers with an efficient method
to present curriculum, as well as, interact with the students in the classroom.
Finally, the teacher will be able to diversify their lesson in order to appeal
to the multi different learning styles of their students. The overhead
projectors were replaced by the below items LCD projector and Epson cameras as
noted in the picture below:
Current Technology
The overhead projector I found in the supply closet was the
one I used last year in my classroom. According to the technology integration
specialist at our school, she recycled 50 overhead projectors back to the
district’s warehouse this year. (Recycled means that a piece of technology was returned
to the district, and the school is credited with the cost of that item.) Ther
are only two teachers that use the overhead projector at our school the early
childhood teacher and the music teacher. The technology grant that was
allocated to the school covered the cost of the Epson camera and document
cameras for the general education teachers. The special education department
wrote a series of grants and we purchased our own devices and material to be
used with students who have individual education plans. Technology in today’s
world is changing on a regular basis, emerging technology is based on what
state of the environment of the technology. The following individuals define
emerging technology as follows:
“Dr. Soloway (n.d) described an emerging technology as technology that has
yet to cross the chasm from early adopter to early majority. That phase is the
period where the cost of the technology is high, and users do not yet consider
the technology essential to their everyday life. Using an example of a prototype
he developed. Dr. Thornburg (2009) described an emerging technology as
something that has just been developed. By the time, a piece of technology hits the mainstream it
is no long emerging. Rogers (2003) defined emerging technology as an innovation
that is considered new to a person or a group of people. The perceived newness
describes an innovation (Roger, 2003, Soloway, n.d, Thornburg. 2009)”.
As I stated in the
above section, the definition of emerging technology depends on the financial
state and environment of the technology.
Tetrads,
Interviews, and Mulitimedia Presentation
This section will review the tetrads of the overhead
projector, interviews from the decision makers, technology users and an outline
of the multimedia presentation for this course. The information is summarized
from the interviews and presented in paragraph form and narration. The
interviewees did not want to be filmed, so I am providing a transcript of our
conversations. In addition, the link to visual presentation will be posted on
my blog: Michelle’s Notes
Interviews: The Decision Makers
The
section provides a summary of the decision makers in our district. This list is
different from my original list because I was told that they approved or
disapprove it would be best to discuss it with individuals on this list. The
original list has changed since I discovered that the ITS was also a decision
maker. I reviewed the original list of interview and made some changes. The
information provided in this section is a summary of the information that
obtained from the following: (Interview questions are in the Appendix)
• Robbie Makely (Integration Technology
Specialist at our school)
•
Ligia Gibson (our principal)
•
Sharyn Guhman (Chief Information Officer)
• Tim
Summers (web tech)
Denver Public Schools has a department that handles the
distribution, training, acquiring and inventory of all of the technology in the
district..
The
following screenshots illustrate the mission and responsbilities of the
technology departmens.
According to Ms. Guham, the district
has been awared several million dollars in grant money which is used to provide
training, hardware, software and adminsteration of technology to
the schools in the Denver Public schools.
. In addition, the school received money
from several bonds that have been passed since 2007.
Budgets
The schools are given an amount of
money that is determined on their school population. The students are counted
based on the following breakdown; 0 for students in the early childhood
education class, .5 for students in kinder; 1.0 for students in grades 1-5 and
finally students in middle and high school are counted as 1.5. The numbers are
tallied up, and a broken down for each school by the budget department in the
technology department and presented to the board of education and passed onto
the schools. Each school determines their own educational technology needs,
based on a needs assessments completed by the integration specialist. The
requests are presented to the assistant superintendent of curriculum and
instruction and technology. It is approved or disapproved based on those
requests. In addition, each school is allocated for an Integrated Technology
Specialists (ITS), some schools dig into their building fund for a para
professional to assist their ITS, so the ITS can teach and develop professional
development course for their teachers. In addition, the school determines which
classroom will receive different technology for their school. Also, the
Technology department also receives grants and money from the federal
government for different age, race, language and disability needs. This money
is generally put into the schools building fund for the administration to use
the money as they determined. board of education and passed onto the schools.
In addition, the school determines
which classroom will receive different technology for their school. Also, the
Technology department also receives grants and money from the federal
government for different age, race, language and disability needs. This money
is generally put into the schools building fund for the adminsteration to use
the money as they determined.
Interview:
Technology Users or Not
The following people use the overhead projector, the Epson
camera and as little technology as possible in our building.
·
special educator
·
special educators
·
ECE teacher
Center
based Teacher does not use technology, unless she has to in the classroom. She
does not own
any
type of technology (cell phone, iPad, computer and she has no internet at
home). One of her students has a Go Talk that has taken her all year to use
because no provided training for her or the family. The type of computer she
prefers are laptops since they are portable. However, her favorite educational
technology are the white board and bulletin board in the classroom. Mild
Moderate Teacher is a resource special educator who used an Epson camera for
everything; lessons, center work and Individual Education Plans meetings. All
of the information is posted on the wall so that everyone can see the
information. The technology lets her provide a visual for everything that she
completes in her work. ECE teacher is an ECE teacher who uses the overhead
projector to teacher her students the letters. She posts them on the wall and
the children trace the letter and post pictures that represent the letters. It
is really quite interesting. All of the teachers agreed that the overhead
projector is bulky and takes up a lot of room. The Epson camera will replace
the overhead, because of its portability. They did think that it will
eventually become wireless, a fact that some businesses may use, however, at
this point schools won’t receive that technology for a few years. All of the
teachers agreed that small and compatible is best. We all such small room.
Tetrad
This section will illustrate the obsolete technology and the
technology that is replaced by new materials. Tetrad One is used to analyze the
obsolete technology in the school’s supply closet:
Tetrad
One is used to analyze the obosolete technology in the school’s supply closet:
Multimedia
Presentation
The following will be used to cmplete this project:
·
Dell laptop
o sharepoint maker
o Audiocity
o Microsoft Word
·
Dell netbook
o Microsoft Word
·
Apple iPad
o Video
o Camera
o APA citation format
The Rhythms of Technology:
It goes away . . . and it comes
back looking better!!!
The evolution of the overhead is one prime example of how
the same technology keeps coming back and used to present more and more items.
The first overhead:
The kind that I remember from my audiovisual student days:
The overhead I put in storage last year:
According to our tech person, she recycled 50 this past
year. Only two teachers use their
overhead projector; the ECE teacher I interviewed and the music teacher who
retired this year.
The technology of the overhead has not really changed. The concept of the material used to make the
product. What, I believe that has
changed is the outlaying structure and the size of the projector.
The overhead has changed names to include other types of
technology:
The overhead
------------------------------------------------Epson camera; document camera
Now:
The blue chord connects the laptop to the Epson camera,
which illustrated the various applications on the computer.
The VGA chord connects the ipad to the Epson camera, which
illustrates the various downloaded applications.
Future:
The ipad, iPod and various cameras will attach themselves to
the Epson camera.
In addition, the document camera will connect to the Epson
camera.
The same technology that made the overhead projector in the
1960 will go into the table so that teachers and students can use it in the classroom. ON THE OTHER HAND, it will go insides glasses
whether the student can view the material.
This same technology may even replace the DVD players that
we use today by streaming the material with a similar disk used in a camera or
in the future in the glasses.
Conclusion:
This course project was very
interesting for me because when I went over the history of the overhead it
reminded me of the time when I was in high school. I was part of the audio
visual team at our school. I used to splice the film and filmstrips for the
teachers when they tore the film or broke it. In addition, I set up the videos
for the teachers, laminated their materials and did a lot of other work with
the various technology. The educational technology had changed between the time
when I graduated from high school and went back to full time teaching. The VCRs
and 16 mm were still in existence, but on their way out, by the mid 90s, most
of the technology I was familiar with was becoming obsolete. Also, the hardware
used to laminate had .
·
The iPad can connect to
the Epson camera and document camera with a VGA cord.
·
The whiteborad turn
into SmartBoard.
The
classroom teacher goes from this setting:
---except
for the people who are sticking with “old technologies”.
References
Cuban,
L (2001). Oversold & undersused:
computers in the classroom. Cambridge,
Massachusetts Lond, England: Harvard University Press.
Denver
Public Schools website.
Jennifer,
J. (2012) Who invented the overhead projector? eHow. Retrieved from
Kriegal,
M.S.Ed; O. (2013) Everything a new
teacher really needs to know (but didn’t learn in
college). Free Spirit Publishing, Inc.
learnerdictionary.com.
Retrieved from Google Images.
Marples,
G. (9/11/2008). The History of Projectors-The Battle for Brightness. Retrieved
from
http://www.thehistory of.net/history-of-projectors.html.
Morgan,
H. (2012) History of the overhead projector. eHow. Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5345030_who-invented-projector.html.
Oppenheimer,
T., (1983). The flickering mind: the
false promise of technology in the classroom
and how learning
can be saved. New York: Random
House.
Rogers,
E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation
(5th ed.) New York. NY: Free Press
Soloway,
E. (n.d.) Emerging vs. emerged technologies [Audio Podcast]. Retrieved from
Spector,
J.M., Merrill, M.D., Van Merrienboer, J., & Driscoll, M. (editors) (2008). Handbook of
research on
educational communications and technology. New York, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Taylor & Fancis Group.
Thornburg.
D.D. (2009). When is a technology emergent? Lake Barrington, IL. Thornburg
Center for Space Exploration.
Zafra,
A.; Goss, T. (6/23/2009). Brief histroy of overhead projector. Retrieved from
Appendix A
Interview Consent Form
All of
the individuals signed a form similar to this form.
I, the
undersigned agree to answer questions about the technology, use of technology
andapplication and distribuion of technology that is used in the classroom. I
do not want my likeness used as part of this project since it will appear on
the internet blog.
Signed.
Appendix B
Interview Questions
Teacher
questions:
1. What type of technology do you use in the classroom?
2. Do you use the overhead projector in the classroom? If so, how do you use it?
3. Do you use an expson camera? Document camera?
4. Which type of technology do you use most often and why?
5. General feeling of technology?
Decision
Makers Questions
1. How is technology used in the classrom?
2. How are educational technology needs determined in the
classroom?
3. How is thebudget determined for educational technology?
These
were the outlined questions I used to get my information, for the most part I
used it as jumping off form with the questions.
Appendix
C
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This is a link to my
powerpoint; enjoy the narration.
